Learn About the History of Polyester

Polyester is a synthetic fiber derived from coal, air, water and petroleum. Developed in a 20th-century laboratory, polyester fibers are formed from a chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol. In this reaction, two or more molecules combine to make a large molecule whose structure repeats throughout its length. Polyester fibers can form very long molecules that are very stable and strong. Whinfield and Dickson Patent the Basis of Polyester British  chemists John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson, employees of the Calico Printers Association of Manchester, patented polyethylene terephthalate (also called PET or PETE) in 1941, after advancing the early research of  Wallace Carothers. Whinfield and Dickson saw that Carotherss research had not investigated the polyester formed from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Polyethylene terephthalate is the basis of synthetic fibers such as polyester, dacron and terylene. Whinfield and Dickson along with inventors W.K. Birtwhistle and C.G. Ritchiethey also created the first polyester fiber called Terylene in 1941 (first manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries or ICI). The second polyester fiber was Duponts Dacron. Dupont According to  Dupont, In the late 1920s, DuPont was in direct competition with Britain’s recently formed Imperial Chemical Industries. DuPont and ICI agreed in October 1929 to share information about patents and research developments. In 1952, the companies’ alliance was dissolved... The polymer that became polyester has roots in the 1929 writings of Wallace Carothers. However, DuPont chose to concentrate on the more promising nylon research. When DuPont resumed its polyester research, ICI had patented Terylene polyester, to which DuPont purchased the U.S. rights in 1945 for further development. In 1950, a pilot plant at the Seaford, Delaware, facility produced Dacron [polyester] fiber with modified nylon technology. Duponts polyester research lead to a whole range of trademarked products, one example is Mylar (1952), an extraordinarily strong polyester (PET) film that grew out of the development of Dacron in the early 1950s. Polyesters are made from chemical substances found mainly in petroleum and are manufactured in fibers, films, and plastics. DuPont Teijin Films According to Dupont Teijin Films, Plain polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyester is most commonly associated with a material from which cloth and high-performance clothing are produced (e.g., DuPont Dacron ® polyester fiber). Increasingly over the last 10 years, PET has gained acceptance as a material of choice for beverage bottles. PETG, also known as glycolised polyester, is used in the production of cards. Polyester film (PETF) is a semi-crystalline film used in many applications such as videotape,   high-quality packaging, professional photographic printing, X-ray film, floppy disks, etc.    DuPont Teijin Films (founded January 1, 2000) is a leading supplier of PET and PEN polyester films whose brand names incude: Mylar  ®, Melinex  ®, and Teijin  ® Tetoron  ® PET polyester film, Teonex  ® PEN polyester film, and Cronar  ® polyester photographic base film. Naming an invention actually involves developing at least two names. One name is the generic name. The other name is the brand name or trademark. For example, Mylar  ® and Teijin  ® are brand names; polyester film or polyethylene terephthalate are the generic or product names.

Placement Options For Students With Disabilities - 1065 Words

Placement Options Matthew Trotti Grand Canyon University: SPD 510 September 8, 2015 Placement Options It is stated that â€Å"a student’s classroom placement is determined by the student’s individualized education program (IEP) team and based on the least restrictive environment† (Jones, J. L., Hensley, L. R, 2012). There are a few different placement options for students with disabilities that any one school can consider. In considering the best possible placement option for each student there are many different things to consider. This paper will cover the topics of three different placement options, these placement options are self-contained classroom setting, inclusion, and resource room placement. Self-Contained Classroom Setting For many there can be many different positive and negative advantages to being placed in a self-contained classroom setting. In Does Self Contained Special Education Deliver on its Promises it states that â€Å"self-contained placements are best able to provide educational options with more intensive services† (Causton-Theoharis, J., Theoharis, G., Orsati, F., Cosier, M, 2011). One positive thing for a student in a self-contained classroom is that there are fewer students and it is easier for the special education teacher to have one on one time with each student. A negative impact though can be that if the student is only in self-contained classes then they don’t have the interaction with other students that might be different than theyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of FAPE And The Least Restrictive Environment1567 Words   |  7 Pages Placement decisions related to students with disabilities is an issue that arises from providing a free, appropriate public education (FAPE) and the least restrictive environment (LRE). While FAPE and LRE are not new requirements, the Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act (IDEA) continues to be open to interpretation and implementation of the mandates (McGovern, 2015). A student’s least restrictive environment is the setting where the student can be integrated with his non-disabled peersRead MoreThe Individual With Disabilities Act974 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual with Disabilities Act (IDEA, 2001) is the federal act enacted to ensure all students with disabilities receive a free appropriate public education (FAPE). Once a student has received the proper assessments and is found eligible for services an IEP is written to address student weaknesses. Mandates in IDEA (2001) oversee how states and other public agencies provide early intervention and related services to students in need. As part of IDEA, students with disabilities are required to beRead MoreA Brief Note On Education And Individual Education870 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual education programs for students? I do not believe that we, as educators, can create a â€Å"one size fits all† education plan for special needs students. When it comes to a student with disabilities educational placement and the consideration of inclusion, I believe that the educational placement decision should be determined on an individual student basis. There are many advantages, as well as, some disadvantages of inclusion for students with and without disabilities. Before discussing theRead MoreProcedural Safeguards : The Procedural Limitations Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesrights when it comes to the education of their child. As well, there are legal options available when disagreement occurs. These rights and options come in the form of the procedural safeguards outlined in part B of IDEA. Schools are required to provide parents a copy of the procedural safeguards explaining their rights and legal options upon referral of services, when a complaint is filed, when a change of placement decision is being considered, and anytime upon parental request (â€Å"Procedural SafeguardsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Formal Referral1691 Words   |  7 Pagesspecial education services, a written request must be sent to the Child Study Team and it is treated as a formal referral. School district personnel, such as a child’s teacher, may suspect, through classroom observations, that a child may have a disability and can make a referral to the chil d study team. Within 20 calendar days of receiving a referral, the complete child study team must hold a meeting with the parent and the student’s teacher to determine if an evaluation is warranted and the scopeRead More Inclusion Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pagesmerge regular and special education so that all students can be educated together in a general education classroom. Because of the lack of consensus, inclusion is a hotly debated topic in education today. Mainstreaming and Inclusion are used interchangably for many people. This is where the confusion may lie. For the purpose of this paper I will be using the term inclusion. I interpret this to mean: quot;meeting the needs of the student with disabilities through regular education classes, with theRead MoreChildren Act ( Eahca ) Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesChildren Act (EAHCA) changed the name to the Individual with Disabilities Education Act, 9 of the 13 eligible categories for special education did not include cognitive or intellectual impairment. Based on the 2000 -2001 date 85% of disabled students who qualify for special education under IDEA criteria were cognitively impaired. Savich’s research states that critics alleged that students with disabilities hold school districts back unfairly. They also stated that new legislation is required to remedyRead MoreWhat Are The Pros And Cons Of Inclusion? Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagescompetence, and greater developmental skills for special education students who have been part of inclusive settings (Bennet, Deluca, Bruns, 1997). The second benefit of inclusion is that disabled students make more friends in general education settings and interact with their student peers at much hig her level (Fryxell Kennedy, 1995). The third benefit is that the cost of inclusion is less over time than teaching the special education students in special education classes alone (Savich, 2008). Read MoreFull Inclusion versus Self-Contained or Special Schools1132 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals with disabilities has changed dramatically since the 1800’s. Reynolds 1988, describes, Progressive inclusion, the evolution of services provided to those with various disabilities. In the early 1800’s residential institutions, or asylums were seem as common place accommodations for individuals with hearing, visual, mental or emotional impairments. Institutions remained the primary educational support until a century later in the early 1900’s. The parents of students with disabilities broughtRead MoreDaniel Rr V. State Board Of Education856 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit in June 12, 1989. This case discussed whether a child with disability is given a right to receive mainstream education. Daniel RR was a six years old boy with down syndrome. He was enrolled in El Paso Independent School District. In the 1985 to 1986 school year, Daniel had attended a half-day early childhood program for special education students. Going into the next school year, Daniel’s parents asked if he could be placed into a general education pre-kindergarten

John Dallton Essay Example For Students

John Dallton Essay John Dalton was born in September 5,1766 in Eaglesfield in Cumberland, England. Dalton and his family lived in a small country house. His family had been Quakers since 1690. Quakers where members of a society of friends. John had a brother named Mary and A brother named Charles, when he was born his brother was twelve years old and his sister was two years old. Daltons birth was not recorded, so when he grew up older he asked one of his relatives and got and answer which was his birthday. His parents were honest people and good workers. His dad Joseph had land he had inherited were Dalton and his brother Charles help out with the crop. His mother Deborah Greenup homespun textile Daltons sister help her too. John Daltons family were poor but although they were never hungry they were poorDalton was lucky he was a Quaker , other boys received little or no education, but as Quakers Dalton received a fair education at the closest Quaker school . For Dalton it was an achievement going to s chool since in those times only one out of two-hundred and fifteen people could read. John Dalton went to the Quaker school at Pardshow Hall. Dalton was quick when it came to studies and in mathematical problems he was good and seem to be tireless of them. John Fletcher was Daltons teacher, he was a smart man who didnt use a rod to hammer in learning to Dalton, he was to provide Dalton with a excellent back-round and lifelong quest for knowledge. Then came Elihu Robinson a rich Quaker gentlemen. who become Daltons mentor, and was another person to lead Dalton to mathematics , science, and specially meteorology. John Dalton had an intense fascination for meteorology he even in fact kept careful daily weather records for forty six straight years. When Dalton was twelve he opened his school in Eaglesfield. He was smaller than some boys so he was threatened by the older boys who wanted to fight with the young teacher. He managed to control the kids for two years, but eventually due to p oor salary Dalton return to work the land for his rich uncle. In 1785 Dalton and his brother opened another school this time at Kendall where Dalton had recently moved in. The school offered English, Latin, Greek, French, along with twenty one mathematics and science subjects. Although they were sixty students attending, Dalton and Charles had to borrow money and take outside jobs to support themselves. John Dalton was very smart, but he was poor, unorganized and he was colorblind, In France this condition was known as Daltonism. Being colorblind was terrible for a chemist, but inspite of this disadvantages he helped contribute to science. Once in his moms birthday, he bought his mom some very special stockings. He taught they were blue and asked his brother to verify if it were really blue, thats when Dalton found out him and his brother were both colorblind. Dalton studied the condition from which himself suffer colorblindness. And he did a paper in it which, brought more attention than then his first book published when presented to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. His paper was the earliest description of the phenomenon of vision. John Dalton later met another man named Gough who was his new mentor. He was the son of a wealthy tradesman, and was blind. He taught Dalton languages, mathematics, and optics. Dalton dedicated to Gough two of his earliest published books to Gough who had encourage his lifelong interest in meteorology, Gough was the one that told Dalton to keep a daily journal, and he would for forty six straight years. Through his observations Dalton was the first to prove the validity of the concept that rain is precipitated by a decrease in temperature, not by a change in atmospheric pressure. .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 , .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 .postImageUrl , .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 , .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8:hover , .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8:visited , .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8:active { border:0!important; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8:active , .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8 .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90228410aafaf2edaa1dae95f305fdb8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Colin Powell EssayIn 1787 Dalton began to try to get more money by selling his eleven volume classified botanical collections and giving public lectures. His studying were to prepare him for medical school, but because of lacked of money, his family discourage him and did not feel he was suited for a physician. In 1793 Dalton moved to Manchester to tutor at New College. He joined the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. It was there at New College in Manchester were Dalton published his first book in 1793, entitled Meteorological Observation and Essays. In his first book he said that each gas exists and its independently and purely physically, rather than chemically. However his first published attracted little attention. Daltons most important contribution to science, was his atomic theory that matter is composed of atoms differing weights and combine in simple ratios by weight. In 1808 Dalton published a third book entitled A New System of Chemical Philosophy. In this book he listed the atomic weights of a number of known elements related to the weight of hydrogen, although his weight were not precisely accurate they did in fact form the basis for the modern periodic table of the elements. Dalton came to this atomic theory by studying the physical properties of atmospheric air and other gases. While in the quest he discovered the law of partial pressures of mixed gases which became known as Daltons Law. Daltons Law stated that the total pressure put out by a mixture of gases would pout out if it alone occupied the whole volume. Daltons law applies only to ideal gases. But it might hold closely enough for real gases. For example, I f water was put into a closed container of dry air, some water will e vaporate, and the pressure inside the container will increase by an amount approximately equal to the partial pressure of the water vapor. In 1804 and 1809 Dalton was invited to teach courses n The Royal Institution in London. In 1822 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society and was awarded the societys gold medal in 1826. Here are some laws of importance. First- matter is made of atoms. Second- atoms are indiscrutable, which means that in chemical reactions the atoms rearrange but they never break apart. Third- atoms of an element are identical. Fourth- Atom of different elements are different. Fifth-Says compounds are combinations of the smallest whole ratios. He postulated that al atoms from a given element weight the same. He also postulated that all chemical compounds are made up of elements in well defined proportions. Dalton once separated water into two gases, hydrogen and oxygen. He notice that the oxygen gas created was eight times heavier than the hydrogen gas . Hydrogen was known to be the lightest gas of all. The Law of Multiple Proportion was apparently developed by Dalton himself around 1804. The law of multiple proportions states that when two elements are observed to form more than one compound between them, the mass ratios in one compound will be related to the mass ratios in the other, in the proportions of the whole numbers, that means that if for example you have CO and CO2 the oxygen to carbon ratios are 16:12 and 32:12. That means that the second ration is exactly twice as the first because they are exactly twice as many oxygens in CO2 per carbon as there are in CO. The way he did this is by decomposing. The ratios were determine by synthesizing compound from pure elements. For example when a measured amount of hydrogen was burned in excess oxygen an exact amount of water always ev olved. The result of the water product was weighted, and since the hydrogen used was known, the oxygen used was determined assuming conservation of mass. In this way it was found that water contains 11.19% hydrogen and 88.81% oxygen by mass. Since it was the lightest element known, and assumed to be a fundamental value, Dalton assumed by research that hydrogen should have an atomic mass of one. In 1830 Dalton because one of the eight foreign associates of the French Academy of Sciences. And one July 27,1894 John Dalton died of normal reason. He was really old when he died. .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f , .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f .postImageUrl , .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f , .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f:hover , .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f:visited , .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f:active { border:0!important; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f:active , .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufca058ddd0c31df7281f34f84bcae68f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stevie EssayIn conclusion John Dalton was one of the greatest thinkers. He was an English, and foreign language teacher, chemist physicist. Was born in September 6,1766 and died in July 27,1894. Dalton is best known for developing the ancient concept of atoms into a scientific theory that has become a foundation of modern chemistry. All his life he learn and never quit , and wanted others to learn too as wll so he considered himself a teacher and earned his living by teaching and lecturing others until 1833, when he was given an annual civil pension. Today units of atomic mass are often referred to as daltons on honor of John Dalton. His analytical apparatus could be calle d the worlds first mass spectrometer. Dalton would always be remember for his contributions to science. He was the only one that form a basis for the periodic table of the elements Bibliography: